<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayes, T B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falso, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallipeau, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stice, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Experimental Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=20190117</style></url></web-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amphibiatree.org/sites/amphibiatree.org/files/HayesETAL2010.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pt 6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">921-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greater than 70% of the world's amphibian species are in decline. We propose that there is probably not a single cause for global amphibian declines and present a three-tiered hierarchical approach that addresses interactions among and between ultimate and proximate factors that contribute to amphibian declines. There are two immediate (proximate) causes of amphibian declines: death and decreased recruitment (reproductive failure). Although much attention has focused on death, few studies have addressed factors that contribute to declines as a result of failed recruitment. Further, a great deal of attention has focused on the role of pathogens in inducing diseases that cause death, but we suggest that pathogen success is profoundly affected by four other ultimate factors: atmospheric change, environmental pollutants, habitat modification and invasive species. Environmental pollutants arise as likely important factors in amphibian declines because they have realized potential to affect recruitment. Further, many studies have documented immunosuppressive effects of pesticides, suggesting a role for environmental contaminants in increased pathogen virulence and disease rates. Increased attention to recruitment and ultimate factors that interact with pathogens is important in addressing this global crisis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20190117</style></accession-num><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://4C7791EC-5103-4C34-8C02-95FADD19FCC6/Paper/p1098</style></custom3><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Group in Endocrinology, Molecular Toxicology, and Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.</style></auth-address><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p01098</style></label></record></records></xml>
